paternità maternità figli minori adozioneL’apertura delle frontiere e la maggiore facilità di movimento hanno portato con sè un aumento generalizzato delle coppie miste, formate da genitori di diversa nazionalità, religione, costumi. Il problema della sottrazione internazionale di minori è sempre più quindi di scottante attualità:
assistiamo purtroppo al moltiplicarsi di casi in cui i minori si trovano contesi tra genitori di diversa nazionalità, con i problemi giuridico/pratici che questa cosa comporta, visto che le legislazioni in merito dei diversi paesi possono essere anche molto discordanti.
Recentemente il Ministero degli Esteri ha pubblicato un manuale di aiuto e prevenzione inteso a limitare questo fenomeno e indirizzato a genitori e operatori. Vi rimandiamo alla guida completa (oltre 100 pagine) per un approfondimento ( http://www.esteri.it/mae/doc/BambiniContesi_Guida.pdf ma ne riassumiamo qui di seguito i punti base.
Cosa è la sottrazione internazionale di minori?
The term "child abduction" refers to the situation where a child:
- is illegally conducted abroad by a parent who does not exercise the exclusive authority, without authorization;
- is not attributed to the country of habitual residence after a stay abroad.
This usually happens when, for fear of not getting sole custody in the State of residence, a parent withdraws his son and takes him to their country of origin or elsewhere, uprooting it from its context in social, academic and geographically, thereby preventing, therefore, the attendance the other parent.
not only the removal of a minor without the child of one of the parental figures, which is in itself already a serious and destabilizing for the child, but also involves the complete separation from the context in which the child was engaged and that was not only his " habitual residence "but his only place of life.
The real problem that prevents a simple and immediate solution of these cases is that there are no international harmonization of legislation on this subject, may come to pose challenges judicial opposite: the child, a parent in Italy and in foreign country another.
In 2005 he entered into force the International Regulations Europe seeks to overcome these contradictions, but is valid only between European countries signatories (except then Denmark). This is called Brussels II bis Regulation and establishing a common European approach to family law, also recognizing the validity of judgments of custody of children in all EU Member States. The aim is to standardize the legislation and avoid possible cases of conflict of case law that, fueling disputes between parents do no more than threaten the peaceful development of child psychology.
But let's degrees.
Internationally there are various legal instruments - unfortunately not ratified by all gli stati - che consentono al genitore “vittima” della sottrazione di trovare (o quantomeno tentare) una soluzione all’illecito trasferimento del figlio.
1) Convenzione Europea di Lussemburgo del 20.05.1980 sul riconoscimento e l’esecuzione delle decisioni in materia di affidamento di minori e sul ristabilimento dell’affidamento.
La Convenzione è fondata sul presupposto della esistenza di un provvedimento di affidamento del minore nello Stato in cui esso risiede al momento della sottrazione ed è applicabile quindi solo a queste condizioni.
2) La Convenzione dell’Aja del 25.10.1980 alla quale aderiscono circa ottanta Paesi.
Tale Convenzione si pone l’obiettivo primario to allow the return of the child in the state of habitual residence. At present, the Convention is the only binding legal instrument which is used by countries outside the European Union, but often does not provide adequate guarantees for the repatriation of minors because of the tendency of the courts of the States Parties to give precedence to the citizen's rights with respect to the request for repatriation of the foreign parent.
3) United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted in New York by the General Assembly, 20.11.1989
. The UN Convention is the most comprehensive international instrument on the promotion and protection of child rights. Among these rights, it should be noted il diritto del fanciullo a preservare la propria identità, ivi compresa la sua nazionalità, il suo nome e le sue relazioni familiari (art.8), ad intrattenere rapporti personali e diretti con entrambi i genitori (art. 9 e 10). Stabilisce il principio secondo il quale l’interesse superiore del bambino deve essere la considerazione preminente in tutte le decisioni che lo riguardano. La Convenzione obbliga gli Stati ad attuare tutti i provvedimenti necessari per assistere i genitori e le istituzioni nell’adempimento dei loro doveri nei confronti dei minori, stabiliti dalla Convenzione stessa.
4) Convenzione europea di Strasburgo del 25.01.1996 sull’esercizio dei diritti del
fanciullo. La Convenzione promuove alcuni diritti the child through the recognition of procedural rights that the child relates.
5) Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 of the European Union of 11.27.2003 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial
and matters of parental responsibility, repealing Regulation (EC) n.1347/2000 (This regulation is binding on all EU countries except Denmark , which has not signed).
In the case of child abduction Regulation establishes the enforceability of automatic decisions issued by the court in the country of habitual residence, which was the application for the return of the child.
The measure of return of the child must be issued within six weeks of the request.
not require any declaration of enforceability of the decision authority of a member state regarding the right of access to the child, nor can you oppose the recognition of that right arising from a standard certificate.
Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 has incorporated the procedure under the Hague Convention.
In particular: •
between EU member states, is considered competent court of the country where the child resided before being
subtracted;
• Enforcement was created in European law di visita e di ritorno del minore.
Lo strumento internazionale più completo ed efficace risulta senza dubbio essere l'ultimo in ordine di tempo, il Regolamento dell'Unione Europea chiamato anche Bruxelles II bis, ma è valido solo in caso di disputa tra cittadini europei. In presenza di contrasti tra un genitore italiano e uno extraeuropeo lo strumento principe per cercare di dirimere la matassa giuridico-legislativa risulta essere senz'altro la Convenzione dell'Aja, che vincola un gran numero di paesi sparsi in tutto il mondo: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Belarus, Belgio, Belize, Bosnia Erzegovina, Brasile, Burkina Faso, Bulgaria, Canada, Cile, Cina (solo per le regioni autonome di Hong Kong e Macao), Cipro, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croazia, Danimarca , Ecuador, El Salvador,
Estonia, Fiji, Finlandia, Francia, Germania, Grecia, Georgia, Guatemala, Honduras, Irlanda, Islanda, Israele, Lituania, Lettonia, Lussemburgo, Macedonia, Malta, Mauritius, Messico, Nicaragua, Norvegia, Nuova Zelanda, Paesi Bassi, Panama, Paraguay, Perù, Polonia, Portogallo, Principato di Monaco, Regno Unito, Repubblica Ceca, Repubblica Dominicana, Repubblica di Moldova, Repubblica di San Marino, Romania, Saint Kitts e Nevis, Serbia e Montenegro, Slovacchia, Slovenia, Spagna, Stati Uniti, Sud Africa, Svezia, Svizzera, Sri Lanka, Thailandia, Trinidad e Tobago, Turchia, Turkmenistan, Ucraina, Hungary, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Zimbabwe
.
The application of the Hague Convention and / or the Rules, however, even if implemented in a timely manner does not always lead to the immediate return of the child.
As already mentioned the cases of abduction highlights the create, over time, as opposed to legal situations: the child, a parent in Italy and in the foreign country to another.
particular importance in this respect the advice that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs bestows in the case of child abduction took place: •
promptly file a complaint with the police
• advise the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Directorate General for Italians Abroad to be triggered by the competent diplomatic-consular
• contact the Central Authority if the country of destination alleged adheres to the Hague Convention of 25.10.1980 and is the recipient of the Regulation (EC) n . 2201/2003,
• enforce the right of access if you do not have a provision that gives custody of the child.
Ministry, speaking to parents of mixed couples, also seeks to prevent the occurrence of child abduction abroad with a few caveats: •
informed of the provisions on custody and visitation rights in force in the state of belonging
• to recognize the other parent, if possible, in the State of affiliation of the other parent, any order for custody of the child in his favor
• try to avoid that the child is traveling on the passport of the non-custodial parent
• if for some reason the child is to go abroad, the other parent to sign an undertaking to return to Italy on the date set
• if you are already in the process for legal separation, ask the competent judge in that measure is clearly indicated the travel prohibition of miniore, without the consent of
• ensure that the prohibition expatriation is registered in the lists of border
• if you have not initiated any proceedings for the custody of the child, request the issuance of a specific provision prohibiting foreign travel of the child without the explicit consent of the other
• ensure, on the occasion of the exercise of rights of access granted to non-custodial parent, so that the same can not restrain the child with them illegally over the period.
The main advice that the Ministry would you give to prevent this phenomenon, however, is always trying to focus on any action the welfare and interest of the child, the first victim of this abuse.
source: http://comunicazionecondiviso.blogspot.com/2008/10/sottrazione-internazionale-di-minori.html
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